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Casting a ballot honors the church's own teaching that citizens carry a moral duty to take part in democracy. An American citizen keeping faith with the ballot box sets a powerful example for anyone who shrugs off elections as somebody else's job. If leading the world's largest religious institution still leaves time to vote, few people have much of an excuse.
The Chair of Saint Peter belongs to the whole world, and mailing a ballot to one country drags the office into a single nation's partisan brawl. Neutrality is the Holy See's great diplomatic asset and hostile regimes will gladly brand Catholics as agents of a foreign power. A head of a sovereign state meddling in another nation's elections is an anomaly no tradition supports.